Document :: SPELL – Scientific Periodicals Electronic Library

41771

Increased global competitions have urged small and medium
enterprises (SMEs) to develop new products faster. Virtual research and
development (R&D) teams in SMEs can offer a solution to speed up
time-to-market of new product development (NPD). However, factors that
affect the effectiveness of virtual teams for NPD are still not
adequately verified. This paper presents the correlations between
virtual R&D team constructs and virtual team effectiveness by
developing a “Virtual Research and Development Team” (ViR&DT) model.
The items, which may influence the effectiveness of virtual teams, are
taken from the literature. Through an online survey and by application
of structural equation modeling (SEM) technique, the proposed model
(ViR&DT) has been tested. The results suggest that the process
construct is strongly correlated to the effectiveness of virtual teams.
Therefore, NPD managers in virtual R&D teams should concentrate on
the process of new product development rather than simply equipping the
teams with the latest technology or employing highly qualified experts.
Further empirical research is recommended to fully explore and
appreciate the breadth of application of the ViR&DT model. This
paper is a part of my PhD journey.

Collaborative teams, cross-functional teams, product development, questionnaires, Team performance, Virtual R&D teams

EBRAHIM, N. A.Virtual R&D Teams: A New Model for Product Development. International Journal of Innovation, v. 3, n. 2, p. 1-27, 2015.

Ebrahim, N. A.(2015). Virtual R&D Teams: A New Model for Product Development. International Journal of Innovation, 3(2), 1-27.

http://dx.doi.org/10.5585/iji.v3i2.43

http://spell.org.br/documentos/ver/41771/virtual-r-d-teams--a-new-model-for-product-development/i/en

Artigo

Inglês

Ale Ebrahim, N. (2012). Development of an effectual collaborative
model for new product development in SMEs through virtual R&D
teams. UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA.

Ale Ebrahim, N.; Abdul Rashid, S.
H.; Ahmed, S.; Taha, Z. (2011). The Effectiveness of Virtual R&D
Teams in SMEs: Experiences of Malaysian SMEs. Industrial Engineering and
Management Systems, 10(2), 109-114.

Ale Ebrahim, N.; Ahmed, S.;
Abdul Rashid, S. H.; Taha, Z. (2011). Knowledge Worker Role in the
Virtual R&D Teams for New Product Development: A Measurement Model.
Paper presented at the International Conference on Mechanical
Engineering and Renewable Energy 2011 (ICMERE2011). Chittagong,
Bangladesh.; 22- 24 December

Ale Ebrahim, N.; Ahmed, S.; Abdul
Rashid, S. H.; Taha, Z. (2012). Technology Use in the Virtual R&D
Teams. American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 5(1), 9-14.


Ale Ebrahim, N.; Ahmed, S.; Abdul Rashid, S. H.; Taha, Z.;
Wazed, M. A. (2012). Virtual Collaborative R&D Teams in Malaysia
Manufacturing SMEs. Advanced Materials Research, 433-440, 1653-1659.

Ale
Ebrahim, N.; Ahmed, S.; Taha, Z. (2008). Virtual R&D Teams: A
Sustainable Infrastructure for Promoting SMEs. Paper presented at the
2nd Engineering Conference (EnCon 2008), Crowne Plaza Riverside Hotel,
Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia. 18-19 December.

Ale Ebrahim, N.;
Ahmed, S.; Taha, Z. (2009b). Virtual R&D Teams: Innovation and
Technology Facilitator. Paper presented at the Engineering Education in
2025. School of Engineering and Technology, University of Tehran,
Tehran, Iran. 1112 May.

Ale Ebrahim, N.; Ahmed, S.; Taha, Z.
(2009). Virtual R & D teams in small and medium enterprises: A
literature review. [Review]. Scientific Research and Essay, 4(13),
1575-1590.

Ale Ebrahim, N.; Ahmed, S.; Taha, Z. (2009). Virtual
Teams: a Literature Review. [Review paper]. Australian Journal of Basic
and Applied Sciences, 3(3), 2653-2669.

Ale Ebrahim, N.; Ahmed,
S.; Taha, Z. (2009). Virtual Teams for New Product Development - An
Innovative Experience for R&D Engineers. European Journal of
Educational Studies, 1(3), 109-123.

Ale Ebrahim, N.; Ahmed, S.;
Taha, Z. (2010). SMEs; Virtual research and development (R&D) teams
and new product development: A literature review. [Review].
International Journal of the Physical Sciences, 5(7), 916-930.

Ale
Ebrahim, N.; Ahmed, S.; Taha, Z. (2010). Virtual R&D teams and SMEs
growth: A comparative study between Iranian and Malaysian SMEs. [Full
Length Research Paper]. African Journal of Business Management, 4(11),
2368-2379.

Ale Ebrahim, N.; Ahmed, S.; Taha, Z. (2011). Virtual
R&D Teams: A potential growth of educationindustry collaboration.
Academic Leadership Journal, 9(4), 1-5.

Andersen, P. H.; Drejer,
I. (2009). Together we share? Competitive and collaborative supplier
interests in product development. Technovation, 29(10), 690-703.

Anderson,
A. H.; McEwan, R.; Bal, J.; Carletta, J. (2007). Virtual team meetings:
An analysis of communication and context. Computers in Human Behavior,
23, 2558-2580.

Anderson, J. C.; Gerbing, D. W. (1988).
Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended
two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411-423.

Aripin,
N.; Mustafa, H.; Hussein, A. (2011). Virtual Teams In Malaysia: A
Qualitative Investigation In Multimedia Super Corridor Status Companies.
Journal of Techno-Social, 2(1), 37-58.

Atuahene-Gima, K.
(2003). The effects of centrifugal and centripetal forces on product
development speed and quality: how does problem solving matter? Academy
of Management Journal, 46(3), 359-373.

Badrinarayanan, V.;
Arnett, D. B. (2008). Effective virtual new product development teams:
an integrated framework. [Conceptual paper]. Journal of Business &
Industrial Marketing, 23(4), 242-248.

Bal, J.; Gundry, J. (1999). Virtual teaming in the automotive supply chain. Team Performance Management, 5(6), 174-193.

Bal,
J.; Teo, P. K. (2001). Implementing virtual teamworking: Part 2-a
literature review. [Research paper]. Logistics Information Management,
14(3), 208-222.

Bal, J.; Teo, P. K. (2001). Implementing virtual
teamworking: Part 3-a methodology for introducing virtual teamworking.
[Research paper]. Logistics Information Management, 14(4), 276-292.

Baskerville,
R.; Nandhakumar, J. (2007). Activating and Perpetuating Virtual Teams:
Now That We’re Mobile, Where Do We Go? IEEE Transactions on Professional
Communication, 50(1), 17-34.

Beranek, P. M.; Martz, B. (2005).
Making virtual teams more effective: improving relational links.
[Research article]. Team Performance Management, 11(5-6), 200-213.

Bergiel,
J. B.; Bergiel, E. B.; Balsmeier, P. W. (2008). Nature of virtual
teams: a summary of their advantages and disadvantages. [Conceptual
paper]. Management Research News, 31(2), 99-110.

Biuk-Aghai, R. P. (2003). Patterns of Virtual Collaboration. University of Technology, Sydney.

Bochenek,
G.; Ragusa, J. (2004). Improving Integrated Project Team Interaction
Through Virtual (3D) Collaboration. Engineering Management Journal,
16(2), 312.

Bosch-Sijtsema, P. M.; Ruohomäki, V.; Vartiainen, M.
(2009). Knowledge work productivity in distributed teams. [Conceptual
paper]. Journal of Knowledge Management, 13(6), 533-546.

Boudreau,
M.-C.; Loch, K. D.; Robey, D.; Straub, D. (1998). Going Global: Using
Information Technology to Advance the Competitiveness Of the Virtual
Transnational Organization. Academy of Management Executive, 12(4),
120-128.

Boutellier, R.; Gassmann, O.; Macho, H.; Roux, M.
(1998). Management of dispersed product development teams: The role of
information technologies. R&D Management, 28(1), 13-25.

Boyle,
A. T.; Kumar, V.; Kumar, U. (2006). Concurrent engineering teams II:
performance consequences of usage. Team Performance Management, 12(5/6),
125-137.

Boyle, T. A. (2005). Concurrent engineering teams I:
organizational determinants of usage. [Research paper]. Team Performance
Management, 11(7/8), 263-279.

Byrne, B. M. (2010). Structural
equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and
programming (Second Edition ed.). New York: Taylor and Francis Group,
LLC.

Camarinha-Matos, L. M.; Afsarmanesh, H. (2003). Elements of a base VE infrastructure. Computers in Industry, 51(2), 139-163.

Camarinha-Matos,
L. M.; Afsarmanesh, H. (2007). A comprehensive modeling framework for
collaborative networked organizations. Journal Journal of Intelligent
Manufacturing, 18(5), 529-542.

Cascio, W. F. (2000). Managing a virtual workplace. The Academy of Management Executive, 14(3), 81-90.

Cascio, W. F.; Shurygailo, S. (2003). E-Leadership and Virtual Teams. Organizational Dynamics, 31(4), 362376.

Chen,
H. H.; Kang, Y. K.; Xing, X.; Lee, A. H. I.; Tong, Y. (2008).
Developing new products with knowledge management methods and process
development management in a network. Computers in Industry, 59, 242-253.


Chen, M.; Liou, Y.; Wang, C. W.; Fan, Y. W.; Chi, Y. P. J.
(2007). Team Spirit: Design, implementation, and evaluation of a
Web-based group decision support system. Decision Support Systems, 43,
1186-1202.

Chen, T.-Y. (2008). Knowledge sharing in virtual
enterprises via an ontology-based access control approach. Computers in
Industry, 59(5), 502-519.

Chen, T. Y.; Chen, Y. M.; Ch, H. C.
(2008). Developing a trust evaluation method between co-workers in
virtual project team for enabling resource sharing and collaboration.
Computers in Industry, 59(6), 565-579.

Chudoba, K. M.; Wynn, E.;
Lu, M.; WatsonManheim, & Beth, M. (2005). How virtual are we?
Measuring virtuality and understanding its impact in a global
organization. Information Systems Journal, 15(4), 279-306.

Coleman,
D.; Levine, S. (2008). Collaboration 2.0: Technology and Best Practices
for Successful Collaboration in a Web 2.0 World. Silicon Valley,
California, USA: Happy About®.

Cooper, R. G. (2001). Winning At
New Products : Accelerating the Process From Idea to Launch. 3 ed.
Cambridge, Massachusetts: Perseus Press.

Corso, M.; Martini, A.;
Pellegrini, L.; Massa, S.; Testa, S. (2006). Managing dispersed
workers: the new challenge in Knowledge Management. Technovation,
26(56), 583-594.

Criscuolo, P. (2005). On the road again: Researcher mobility inside the R&D network. Research Policy, v. 34, p. 1350-1365.

Cummings,
J. L.; Teng, B. S. (2003). Transferring R&D knowledge: the key
factors affecting knowledge transfer success. Journal of Engineering
Technology Management, 20(1), 39-68.

Daoudi, J. (2010).
Dynamique de collaboration au sein des équipes dispersées: Le cas des
projets d'ingénierie. Unpublished DU DIPLÔME DE PHILOSOPHIAE DOCTOR
(Ph.D.), UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTRÉAL, MONTRÉAL.

Dekker, D. M.; Rutte,
C. G.; Van den Berg, P. T. (2008). Cultural differences in the
perception of critical interaction behaviors in global virtual teams.
International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 32(5), 441-452.

Dibrell,
C.; Davis, P. S.; Craig, J. (2008). Fueling Innovation through
Information Technology in SMEs. Journal of Small Business Management,
46(2), 203-218.

Duhovnik, J.; Starbek, M.; Dwivedi, S. N.;
Prasad, B. (2001). Development of New Products in Small Companies.
Concurrent Engineering, 9(3), 191-210.

Ebrahim, N. A.; Ahmed,
S.; Taha, Z. (2010). SMEs; Virtual research and development (R&D)
teams and new product development: A literature review. [Review].
International Journal of the Physical Sciences, 5(7), 916-930.

Ebrahim,
N. A.; Ahmed, S.; Taha, Z. (2010). Virtual R&D teams and SMEs
growth: A comparative study between Iranian and Malaysian SMEs.
[Article]. African Journal of Business Management, 4(11), 2368-2379.

El-Tayeh,
A.; Gil, N.; Freeman, J. (2008). A methodology to evaluate the
usability of digital socialization in 'virtual' engineering design.
[Original Paper]. Research in Engineering Design, 19(1), 29-45.

Eppinger,
S. D.; Chitkara, A. R. (2006). The New Practice of Global Product
Development. MIT Sloan Management Review, 47(4), 22-30.

Flores,
M. (2006). Towards a Taxonomy for Networking Models For Innovation
Network-Centric Collaboration and Supporting Frameworks. (Vol. 224, pp.
5566). Boston: Springer.

Foster, M. K. (2010). Assessing Degree of Virtuality and Its Impact on Team Effectiveness. MORGAN STATE UNIVERSITY.

Fuller,
J.; Bartl, M.; Ernst, H.; Mühlbacher, H. (2006). Community based
innovation: How to integrate members of virtual communities into new
product development. Electronic Commerce Research, 6(1), 57-73.

Fuller,
M. A.; Hardin, A. M.; Davison, R. M. (2006). Efficacy in
Technology-Mediated Distributed Team. Journal of Management Information
Systems, 23(3), 209-235.

Furst, S. A.; Reeves, M.; Rosen, B.;
Blackburn, R. S. (2004). Managing the life cycle of virtual teams.
Academy of Management Executive, 18(2), 6-20.

Gassmann, O.; Von Zedtwitz, M. (2003). Innovation Processes in Transnational Corporations: Elsevier Science Ltd.

Gassmann,
O.; Von Zedtwitz, M. (2003). Trends and determinants of managing
virtual R&D teams. R&D Management, 33(3), 243-262.

Gaudes,
A.; Hamilton-Bogart, B.; Marsh, S.; Robinson, H. (2007). A Framework
for Constructing Effective Virtual Teams. The Journal of E-working,
1(2), 8397.

Ge, Z.; Hu, Q. (2008). Collaboration in R&D
activities: Firm-specific decisions. European Journal of Operational
Research, 185(2), 864-883.

Gomez, J. O.; Simpson, M. (2007).
Achieving competitive advantage in the Mexican footwear industry.
Benchmarking: An International Journal, 14(3), 289-305.

González,
F. J. M.; Palacios, T. M. B. (2002). The effect of new product
development techniques on new product success in Spanish firms.
Industrial Marketing Management, 31(3), 261-271.

Guniš, A.;
Šišlák, J.; Valčuha, Š. (2007). Implementation Of Collaboration Model
Within SME's. In P. F. Cunha & P. G. Maropoulos (Eds.), Digital
Enterprise Technology-Perspectives and Future Challenges (pp. 377384):
Springer US.

Hair, J.; Black, W.; Babin, B.; Anderson, R. (2009). Multivariate Data Analysis (7th Edition ed.).

Hardin,
A. M.; Fuller, M. A.; Davison, R. M. (2007). I Know I Can, But Can We?:
Culture and Efficacy Beliefs in Global Virtual Teams. Small Group
Research, 38(1), 130155.

Hertel, G. T.; Geister, S.; Konradt, U.
(2005). Managing virtual teams: A review of current empirical research.
Human Resource Management Review, 15, 69- 95.

Hinds, P. J.;
Bailey, D. E. (2003). Out of Sight, Out of Sync: Understanding Conflict
in Distributed Teams. Organization Science, 14(6), 615-632.

Ho,
R. (2006). Handbook of Univariate and Multivariate Data Analysis and
Interpretation with SPSS. 1 ed. (March 24, 2006) ed.). Boca Raton, FL:
Chapman and Hall/CRC.

Huang, C. C. (2009). Knowledge sharing and
group cohesiveness on performance: An empirical study of technology
R&D teams in Taiwan. Technovation, 29(11), 786-797.

Hunsaker,
P. L.; Hunsaker, J. S. (2008). Virtual teams: a leader's guide.
[Conceptual paper]. Team Performance Management, 14(1/2), 86-101.

Jain,
V. K.; Sobek, D. K. (2006). Linking design process to customer
satisfaction through virtual design of experiments. [Original paper].
Research in Engineering Design, 17(2), 59-71.

Jarvenpaa, S. L.; Leidner, D. E. (1999). Communication and Trust in Global Virtual Teams. Organization Science, 10(6), 791-815.

Johnson, P.; Heimann, V.; O’Neill, K. (2001). The 'wonderland' of virtual teams. Journal of Workplace Learning, 13(1), 24-30.

Kankanhalli,
A.; Tan, B. C. Y.; Wei, K. K. (2006). Conflict and Performance in
Global Virtual Teams. Journal of Management Information Systems, 23(3),
237-274.

Kirkman, B. L.; Gibson, C. B.; Shapiro, D. L. (2001).
'Exporting' teams enhancing the implementation and effectiveness of work
teams in global affiliates. Organizational Dynamics, 30(1), 12-29.

Kirkman,
B. L.; Rosen, B.; Gibson, C. B.; Tesluk, P. E.; McPherson, S. O.
(2002). Five challenges to virtual team success: lessons from Sabre Inc.
Academy of Management Executive, 16(3), 67-79.

Kotelnikov, V. (2007). Small and Medium Enterprises and ICT. Bangkok: UNDP Regional Centre.

Kratzer,
J.; Leenders, R.; Engelen, J. V. (2005). Keeping Virtual R&D Teams
Creative. Research Technology Management, v. 1, Mar./Apr.; 13-16.

Kratzer,
J.; Leenders, R. T. A. J.; Engelen, J. M. L. V. (2006). Managing
creative team performance in virtual environments: an empirical study in
44 R&D teams. Technovation, v. 26, p. 42-49.

Kusar, J.;
Duhovnik, J.; Grum, J.; Starbek, M. (2004). How to reduce new product
development time. Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, v. 20,
p. 115.


Kyriazis, E. (2005). The antecedents and consequences of the marketing
manager and R&D manager working relationship during new product
development: an empirical study. The University of Wollongong.

Laforet,
S. (2008). Size, strategic, and market orientation affects on
innovation. Journal of Business Research, 61(7), 753-764.

Lee-Kelley,
L.; Sankey, T. (2008). Global virtual teams for value creation and
project success: A case study. International Journal of Project
Management, v. 26, p. 51-62.

Leenders, R. T. A. J.; Engelen, J.
M. L. V.; Kratzer, J. (2003). Virtuality, communication, and new product
team creativity: a social network perspective. Journal of Engineering
and Technology Management, v. 20, p. 69-92.

Lei, P.-W. (2009).
Evaluating estimation methods for ordinal data in structural equation
modeling. Quality & Quantity, 43(3), 495-507.

Lin, C.;
Standing, C.; Liu, Y. C. (2008). A model to develop effective virtual
teams. Decision Support Systems, 45(4), 1031-1045.

Lipnack, J.;
Stamps, J. (2000). Why The Way to Work Virtual Teams: People Working
across Boundaries with Technology. 2ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons.


Liu, B.; Liu, S. (2007). Value Chain Coordination with
Contracts for Virtual R&D Alliance Towards Service. Paper presented
at the The 3rd IEEE International Conference on Wireless Communications,
Networking and Mobile Computing, WiCom 2007. Retrieved from
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=4340609.

Lurey,
J. S.; Raisinghani, M. S. (2001). An empirical study of best practices
in virtual teams. Information & Management, 38(8), 523-544.

Martinez-Sanchez,
A.; Pérez-Pérez, M.; de-LuisCarnicer, P.; Vela-Jiménez, M. J. (2006).
Teleworking and new product development. [Technical paper]. European
Journal of Innovation Management, 9(2), 202-214.

Martins, L. L.;
Gilson, L. L.; Maynard, M. T. (2004). Virtual teams: What do we know
and where do we go from here? Journal of Management, 30(6), 805-835.

May,
A.; Carter, C. (2001). A case study of virtual team working in the
European automotive industry. International Journal of Industrial
Ergonomics, 27(3), 171-186.

McDonough, E. F.; Kahn, K. B.; Barczak, G. (2001). An investigation of the use of global, virtual, and collocated
new product development teams. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 18(2), 110-120.

McNamara,
K.; Dennis, A. R.; Carte, T. A. (2008). It’s the Thought that Counts:
The Mediating Effects of Information Processing in Virtual Team Decision
Making. Information Systems Management, 25(1), 20-32.

Merali,
Y.; Davies, J. (2001). Knowledge Capture and Utilization in Virtual
Communities. Paper presented at the International Conference On
Knowledge Capture, KCAP’01. Retrieved from
http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=500754.

Mulebeke, J. A.
W.; Zheng, L. (2006). Incorporating integrated product development with
technology road mapping for dynamism and innovation. International
Journal of Product Development, 3(1), 56-76.

Munkvold, B. E.;
Zigurs, I. (2007). Process and technology challenges in swift-starting
virtual teams. Information & Management, 44(3), 287-299.

Narula,
R. (2004). R&D Collaboration by SMEs: new opportunities and
limitations in the face of globalisation. Technovation, 24(2), 153-161.

Naveh,
E. (2005). The effect of integrated product development on efficiency
and innovation. International Journal of Production Research, 43(13),
2789-2808.

Ojasalo, J. (2008). Management of innovation
networks: a case study of different approaches. European Journal of
Innovation Management, 11(1), 51-86.

Olson-Buchanan, J. B.;
Rechner, P. L.; Sanchez, R. J.; Schmidtke, J. M. (2007). Utilizing
virtual teams in a management principles course. [Case study]. Education
+ Training, 49(5), 408-423.

Ortiz de Guinea, A.; Webster, J.;
Staples, S. (2005). A Meta-Analysis of the Virtual Teams Literature.
Paper presented at the Symposium on High Performance Professional Teams
Industrial Relations Centre, School of Policy Studies, Queen’s
University, Kingston, Canada. October 12

Partanen, J.; Möller,
K.; Westerlund, M.; Rajala, R.; Rajala, A. (2008). Social capital in the
growth of scienceand-technology-based SMEs. Industrial Marketing
Management, 37(5), 513-522.

Pauleen, D. J.; Yoong, P. (2001).
Facilitating virtual team relationships via Internet and conventional
communication channels. [Research Paper]. Internet Research, 11(3),
190-202.

Paul, S.; Seetharaman, P.; Samarah, I.; Peter Mykytyn,
J. (2005). Understanding Conflict in Virtual Teams: An Experimental
Investigation using Content Analysis. Paper presented at the 38th Hawaii
International Conference on System Sciences, Hawaii. January 3-6.

Pawar,
K. S.; Sharifi, S. (1997). Physical or virtual team collocation: Does
it matter? International Journal of Production Economics, 52(3),
283-290.

Pena-Mora, F.; Hussein, K.; Vadhavkar, S.; Benjamin, K.
(2000). CAIRO: a concurrent engineering meeting environment for virtual
design teams. Artifcial Intelligence in Engineering, 14, 203-219.

Piccoli,
G.; Powell, A.; Ives, B. (2004). Virtual teams: team control structure,
work processes, and team effectiveness. [Research Paper]. Information
Technology & People, 17(4), 359-379.

Pihkala, T.; Varamaki,
E.; Vesalainen, J. (1999). Virtual organization and the SMEs: a review
and model development. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development,
11(4), 335-349.

Powell, A.; Piccoli, G.; Ives, B. (2004).
Virtual teams: a review of current literature and directions for future
research. The Data base for Advances in Information Systems, 35(1),
6-36.

Prasad, K.; Akhilesh, K. B. (2002). Global virtual teams:
what impacts their design and performance? [Research paper]. Team
Performance Management, 8(5/6), 102-112.

Precup, L.; O'Sullivan,
D.; Cormican, K.; Dooley, L. (2006). Virtual team environment for
collaborative research projects. International Journal of Innovation and
Learning, 3(1), 77-94.

Rabelo, L.; Jr, T. H. S. (2005).
Sustaining growth in the modern enterprise: A case study. Journal of
Engineering and Technology Management JET-M, v. 22, p. 274-290.

Radas,
S.; Bozic, L. (2009). The antecedents of SME innovativeness in an
emerging transition economy. Technovation, 29(6/7), 438-450.

Raval,
M. R. R.; Ale Ebrahim, N.; Ahmed, S.; Taha, Z. (2010). Work Together…
When Apart Challenges And What Is Need For Effective Virtual Teams.
[Review]. Journal of Information, Knowledge and Research in Business
Management and Administration, 1(1), 1-3.

Redoli, J.; Mompó, R.;
García-Díez, J.; LópezCoronado, M. (2008). A model for the assessment
and development of Internet-based information and communication services
in small and medium enterprises. Technovation, 28(7), 424-435.

Reger,
G. (2004). Coordinating globally dispersed research centers of
excellence-the case of Philips Electronics. Journal of International
Management, v. 10, p. 51-76.

Rice, D. J.; Davidson1, B. D.;
Dannenhoffer, J. F.; Gay, G. K. (2007). Improving the Effectiveness of
Virtual Teams by Adapting Team Processes. Computer Supported Cooperative
Work, v. 16, p. 567-594.

Richtne´r, A.; Rognes, J. (2008).
Organizing R&D in a global environment-Increasing dispersed
co-operation versus continuous centralization. [Case study]. European
Journal of Innovation Management, 11(1), 125-141.

Rosen, B.;
Furst, S.; Blackburn, R. (2007). Overcoming Barriers to Knowledge
Sharing in Virtual Teams. Organizational Dynamics, 36(3), 259-273.

Salmela,
E.; Lukka, A. (2004). Value added logistics in supply and demand chains
SMILE. Part 1 : Ebusiness between global company and its local SME
supplier network,Research Report 153, ISBN 951-764-925-8.

Samarah,
I.; Paul, S.; Tadisina, S. (2007). Collaboration Technology Support for
Knowledge Conversion in Virtual Teams: A Theoretical Perspective. Paper
presented at the 40th Hawaii International Conference on System
Sciences (HICSS), Hawai.

Schmidt, J. B.; Montoya-Weiss, M. M.;
Massey, A. P. (2001). New product development decision-making
effectiveness: Comparing individuals, face-to-face teams, and virtual
teams. Decision Sciences, 32(4), 1-26.

Schumacker, R. E.; Lomax,
R. G. (2004). A beginner's guide to structural equation modeling.
Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

Shachaf,
P. (2008). Cultural diversity and information and communication
technology impacts on global virtual teams: An exploratory study.
Information & Management, 45(2), 131-142.

Shachaf, P.; Hara,
N. (2005). Team Effectiveness in Virtual Environments: An Ecological
Approach. In P. a. G. Ferris, S.; (Ed.), Teaching and Learning with
Virtual Teams. (pp. 83-108): Idea Group Publishing.

Shah, R.;
Goldstein, S. M. (2006). Use of structural equation modeling in
operations management research: Looking back and forward. Journal Of
Operations Management, 24(2), 148-169. DOI: 10.1016/j.jom.2005.05.001.

Sharma,
M.; Raja, V.; Fernando, T.; Pham, D. T.; Eldukhri, E. E.; Soroka, A. J.
(2006). Collaborative design review in a distributed environment
Intelligent Production Machines and Systems (pp. 65-70). Oxford:
Elsevier Science Ltd.

Shin, Y. (2005). Conflict Resolution in Virtual Teams. Organizational Dynamics, 34(4), 331-345.

Shumarova,
E. V. (2009). Authority-based and Bottom-up Diffusion of Collaboration
Information Technologies: Constraints and Enablements. Universität
Koblenz-Landau.

Singh, R. K.; Garg, S. K.; Deshmukh, S. G.
(2008). Strategy development by SMEs for competitiveness: a review.
[General review]. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 15(5),
525-547.

Sorli, M.; Stokic, D.; Gorostiza, A.; Campos, A.
(2006). Managing product/process knowledge in the
concurrent/simultaneous enterprise environment. Robotics and
Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, v. 22, p. 399-408.

Sridhar,
V.; Nath, D.; Paul, R.; Kapur, K. (2007). Analyzing Factors that Affect
Performance of Global Virtual Teams. Paper presented at the Second
International Conference on Management of Globally Distributed Work.
Retrieved from http://www.globalwork.in/gdw07/pdf/14159-170.pdf.

Starbek,
M.; Grum, J. (2002). Concurrent engineering in small companies.
International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, 42(3), 417-426.

Thissen,
M. R.; Jean, M. P.; Madhavi, C. B.; Toyia, L. A. (2007). Communication
tools for distributed software development teams. Paper presented at the
Proceedings of the 2007 ACM SIGMIS CPR conference on Computer personnel
research: The global information technology workforce. Retrieved from
http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1235007&dl=GUIDE
&coll=GUIDE&CFID=16506151&CFTOKEN=66535652#.

Vaccaro,
A.; Veloso, F.; Brusoni, S. (2008). The Impact of Virtual Technologies
on Organizational Knowledge Creation: An Empirical Study. Paper
presented at the Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.
Retrieved from
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=4439057.

Von
Zedtwitz, M.; Gassmann, O.; Boutellier, R. (2004). Organizing global
R&D: challenges and dilemmas. Journal of International Management,
10(1), 21-49.

Wagner, S. M.; Hoegl, M. (2006). Involving
suppliers in product development: Insights from R&D directors and
project managers. Industrial Marketing Management, 35, 936-943.

Walvoord,
A. A. G.; Redden, E. R.; Elliott, L. R.; Coovert, M. D. (2008).
Empowering followers in virtual teams: Guiding principles from theory
and practice. Computers in Human Behavior, 24(5), 1884-1906.

Wikipedia. (2011). Virtual team. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_team.

Williams,
A.; Bellamy, T.; Gameson, R.; Sherratt, S.; Sher, W. (2005). Virtual
environments: lessons from industry transferred to distance-learning
education. Paper presented at the The Queensland University of
Technology, Research Week International Conference, Brisbane, Australia.
4-8 July.

Zakaria, N.; Amelinckx, A.; Wilemon, D. (2004).
Working Together Apart?Building a Knowledge-Sharing Culture for Global
Virtual Teams. Creativity and Innovation Management, 13(1), 15-29.

Zemliansky,
P.; Amant, K. S. (2008). Handbook of Research on Virtual Workplaces and
the New Nature of Business Practices. New York: IGI Global. illustrated
edition edition (April 7, 2008).

Zhang, S.; Shen, W.; Ghenniwa,
H. (2004). A review of Internet-based product information sharing and
visualization. Computers in Industry, 54(1), 1-15.

Zhang, Y.;
Gregory, M.; Shi, Y. (2008). Global engineering networks (GEN): Drivers,
evolution, configuration, performance and key patterns. Journal of
Manufacturing Technology Management, 19(3), 299-314.